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Some things you expect like missing teeth and arthritic legs. But we also see a much higher incidence of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction or PPID. Right now you’re saying WHOA Dr. Pituitary what? OK so let’s back up.
Everybody has a pituitary gland, you, me and our horses all have one. The pituitary gland sits under the brain. It produces chemicals that act as signals on many parts of the body to regulate body function. The pituitary gland is divided into sections based upon function, they are called the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, it’s kind of like North America and South America. The neurohypophysis is further divided into the pars tuberalis, pars intermedia and pars distalis, think of it being like Macon, Warner Robins and Perry, we are all in middle Georgia but we have our own identity. In cases of PPID it is the pars intermedia that gets into trouble, that is where the name Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction or PPID comes from. If you could look into the brain of a horse with PPID you would see that the pituitary gland has become enlarged.
Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
The cells of the pars intermedia have multiplied and are now producing chemicals at an accelerated rate, it's like a conveyor belt dumping off product faster than the workers can put it boxes. All those chemicals are telling the body to do more, more, more! The adrenal gland is being told “more cortisol”! Higher levels of cortisol mean the horses’ blood glucose goes up and up, much like a person with diabetes. The high levels of cortisol and glucose wreak havoc in the horses’ body.
The classic sign of PPID is hirsutism, a fancy name for a long and curly hair coat that fails to shed. Early in the disease process long hair growth may be restricted to the lower jaw, base of the neck and the back of the lower legs. Over time the hirsutism covers a larger area and shedding occurs later each year, in the later stages of the disease the horse will not shed and must be body clipped each year. Weight loss and poor performance are also commonly seen. Increased levels of cortisol lead to protein catabolism with a loss of muscle mass over the back and rump. Patchy fat deposition is also seen along the crest of the neck, over the tail head and in the sheath of male horses. Fat may also be deposited over the eyes in the supraorbital fossae, this area is commonly referred to as the “salt pits’ in older horses.
Most commonly horses with PPID present for laminitis (founder) that has crept on slowly with no obvious cause for lameness. The high levels of cortisol result in high levels of glucose which in tern causes elevated levels of insulin which leads to laminitis.
Polydipsia (frequent drinking) and polyuria (frequent urination may also be seen as a result of the elevated blood glucose much like a human diabetic. Some owners may notice that the stall is too wet or they are using more shavings than previously. The high levels of cortisol suppress the immune system and delay wound healing. Skin infections, scratches, hoof abscesses, sinusitis, teeth infections and non or slow healing eye lesions are common. In mares they may have trouble conceiving.
Some mares that are not pregnant or nursing may develop persistent lactation (milk production) so called 'witches milk'. So who gets PPID? Generally it is older horses age 15 & higher but we have seen cases in horses as young as age 7! Horses of any breed, any sex and any use can develop this problem.
Some horses show only subtle signs, they just aren’t “what they used to be”. So we can test for PPID. A simple test called a Dexamethasone Suppression Test is the gold standard for a diagnosis; the test involves two blood samples and is of reasonable cost. The test cannot be done during the fall months of the year (August through November) due to the normal pituitary cycle. This time of year is an excellent time to evaluate senior horses that may be showing subtle signs.
There is treatment for PPID. The drug Pergolide can slow the flow of chemical signals coming from the pituitary gland. For many years we have used compounded forms of Pergolide. The compounded forms were mixed by pharmacies in varies forms of pastes, liquids, chewables and powders.
The problem is that the compounded forms were not stable in that the chemical was slowly degrading especially if stored in warm barns or warm temperatures common in Georgia. We now have a new product called Prascend.
The tiny tablet contains 1 mg of Pergolide and has been shown to be stable for prolonged periods of time. 1 Prascend tablet per day will treat most horses with PPID. If you are like me it really helps to have a picture to understand disease processes. There is a great video on PPID at.
I hope you will take the time to watch the video so that you’ll know more about this important disease.
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction Horse
Graves VMD, MS, Dipl. ACVIM Equine endocrine disorders have been recognized for many decades.
However, only more recently have they become a focus of significant research on the topics of diagnosis and efficacy of treatment. The most common endocrine disorders dealt with today by equine practitioners and owners are pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID, a.k.a. Cushing’s Syndrome) and equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).
In general, the endocrine system is composed of several organs which produce hormones that control many body functions. These organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal body, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). The pancreas is also on this list; it has both hormone production and digestion duties. Compared to people and companion animals, endocrine disorders appear to occur less frequently in equine patients. While other diseases are known to occur in equid species, such as diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism, they are extremely rare findings. Thus, the remainder of this discussion will focus on the most common endocrine problems in horses and ponies, namely PPID and EMS. The aim is to provide clear, concise definitions of these illnesses and review the current best practices in diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management.
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Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrine disorder in equine species. The acronym, PPID, is preferred in the veterinary community because it provides a more accurate name. A second acronym is also used occasionally, pars intermedia pituitary adenoma (PIPA).
Cushing’s disease in people and dogs differs in some important aspects. No idea what this means please help : steam for mac. The affected portion of the pituitary gland is different, and thus use of the human medical term “Cushing’s” can be misleading.
Wd my passport zewntrzny dysk 2tb usb 3.0 for mac. In a normal equine pituitary gland, a specific cell type (melanotrope) receives neuronal input from the hypothalamus. These neurons release dopamine.
Dopamine then inhibits the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland from making and releasing many different hormones. In the diseased gland, these hypothalamic neurons degenerate and much of that dopamine input is lost. The melanotropes become dys-inhibited. As a result, the pituitary gland’s intermediate lobe undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The cells are hyperactive or present in high numbers and lead to production of abnormally high levels of many pituitary hormones. This list includes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH), b-endorphin, and other products of a large precursor hormone, called Pro- Opio Melano Cortin, or POMC. While not all of the effects of these hormones are known, some like ACTH are better understood.
Specifically, ACTH overstimulates a horse’s cortisol synthesis by the adrenal glands. The hyper-cortisolemic state leads to the long list of outward problems in the affected animal, although exact pathophysiology is not yet known.
PRASCEND is for use in horses only. Treatment with PRASCEND may cause loss of appetite.
Most cases are mild. Weight loss, lack of energy, and behavioral changes also may be observed. If severe, a temporary dose reduction may be necessary. PRASCEND has not been evaluated in breeding, pregnant, or lactating horses and may interfere with reproductive hormones in these horses. PRASCEND Tablets should not be crushed due to the potential for increased human exposure. Refer to for complete product information.
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